Introduction to Instruction Set Architectures
Computer architecture is the design of the components of a computer system. It includes the layout of microprocessors, memory systems, input and output devices, and storage systems. The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer system and is responsible for executing instructions provided by the software.
The CPU consists of the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and the control unit. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on data, while the control unit manages the flow of data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
The memory system stores instructions and data that are needed by the CPU.
Input/output devices transfer data between the computer and the external world.
Computer architecture can be classified into two categories: von Neumann architecture and Harvard architecture. In von Neumann architecture, the CPU and memory use the same bus for data transfer, while in Harvard architecture, the CPU and memory use separate buses for instruction and data transfer.
Instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model that describes the set of instructions that a CPU can execute. It includes the instruction set, addressing modes, and instruction formats. The instruction set is a collection of instructions that the CPU can execute. Addressing modes specify how the CPU accesses data in memory. Instruction formats describe the layout of an instruction in memory.
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