In classical computing, bits are the fundamental units of information, and can only take on the values of 0 and 1. In quantum computing, qubits (short for quantum bits) are the fundamental units of information. Qubits can take on the values of 0 and 1, but they can also exist in a superposition of both states. This means that a qubit can represent more information than a classical bit, which can only be in one state at a time.

To manipulate qubits, we use quantum gates. In classical computing, gates like AND, OR, and NOT are used to manipulate bits. In quantum computing, gates like the Pauli-X, Pauli-Y, and Pauli-Z gates are used to manipulate qubits. These gates change the probability amplitudes of the qubits, which can be thought of as the probability of the qubit being in the 0 or 1 state.

For example, the Pauli-X gate is the quantum equivalent of the NOT gate in classical computing. It flips the state of the qubit from 0 to 1, or vice versa. The Pauli-Y and Pauli-Z gates are more complex, and change the probability amplitudes in different ways. By combining these gates, we can create quantum circuits that perform complex computations.

It's important to note that quantum gates are reversible, meaning that we can always undo the operation and get back to the original state of the qubit. This is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics, and allows us to perform computations that cannot be done with classical computers.

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