The Science of Genetics
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides. These nucleotides consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases present in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The sequence of these bases determines the genetic information that is passed down from generation to generation.
The double helix structure of DNA was first discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming complementary base pairs. The base pairing is specific, meaning that A can only pair with T and G can only pair with C.
The function of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information. This information is used to build and maintain an organism's cells and tissues. DNA is replicated during cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. DNA is also transcribed into RNA, which in turn is translated into proteins. Proteins are the workhorses of the cell and perform a variety of functions, such as catalyzing chemical reactions, transporting molecules across cell membranes, and providing structural support.
Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in the genetic information, which can have a variety of effects. Some mutations can be harmless, while others can cause genetic disorders or predispose individuals to certain diseases. However, mutations can also be beneficial and drive evolution by providing genetic diversity.
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